Traditional assessments refer to conventional methods of testing, usually standardized with multiple-choice, true or false or matching type test items. Project-based assessments (PBAs) are the means through which teachers measure student knowledge gained via project-based learning (PBL) (including but not limited to presentations, written reports, etc)

Traditional practices refer to the customs, rituals, and ways of life that have been passed down through generations within a particular culture or community. Progressive social movements refer to collective efforts that seek to bring about social change by advancing values such as equality, individual rights, inclusivity, dismantling of discriminatory or oppressive norms, etc

BRICS is a multinational organization of eleven major emerging countries—Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Indonesia

Western-led institutions generally refer to organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO).